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There are two main types of immune system response: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity refers to our body’s first line of defence against pathogens whose main purpose is to immediately prevent the spread of said pathogens across the body. Adaptive immunity would be the second line of defence in the fight against non-self pathogens.

With the brevity of the study duration, the authors did hypothesize, however, that a longer-term supplementation regimen of lycopene could result in stronger antioxidant benefits for the isolated nutrient, in accordance with other studies that were carried out over a period of several weeks. Nonetheless, whole tomato contains chemical compounds that can enhance beneficial outcomes in synergy compared to a single compound, the authors said.